Simple Present

Time expressions:

Every day, week, month, year…

always, sometimes, usually, rarely, seldom, never,

on Mondays, etc.

once/twice/ three times a week,month

Usage

• • Permanent situations or states
  • General truths or laws
  • Repeated/habitual actions (especially with frequency adverbs: sometimes, often, usually, always, etc)
  • To express likes/dislikes ( with the following verbs: like, enjoy, hate, think, etc.)
  • Timetables/programmes ( with future reference)

Form

Infinitive

he/she/it+-s,es,ies

Examples

Affirmative:

I 仕事

He 仕事s

I する

He するes

Negative

I don’t 仕事

He doesn’t 仕事

I don’t する

He doesn’t する

Interrogative

Do I work?

Does he 仕事?

Do I する?

Does he する?

Present Continuous

Time expressions:

Now,

At the moment,

Nowadays,

Still,

Look!

Listen!

Currently,

At present,

Usage

• • Temporary situations
  • Changing or developing situations,(when describing trends, economical, social changes, etc)
  • Actions happening now or around the moment of speaking
  • Frequently repeated actions with always, continuosly, continually, expressing criticism and annoyance
  • Future meaning: fixed arrangements ( appointments, dates, booked tickets, etc.) in the future

Form

To be ( am, are, is)+ Infinitive+ ing

Examples

Affirmative:

I am 仕事ing.

He is 仕事ing.

I am するing.

He is するing.

Negative

I’m not 仕事ing.

He’s not 仕事ing.

I’m not するing.

He‘s not するing.

Interrogative

Am I 仕事ing?

Is he 仕事ing?

Am I するing?

Is he するing?

Present Perfect Simple

Time expressions:

just, already, yet, recently, yet, so far, up to now, since, for, this week/month, never, ever

Usage

• • Recently completed actions
  • Complete past actions which are connected with the present, with unstated time reference
  • Personal life experiences/changes which have happened

Form

Have/Has + (Infinitive +ed/d/ied)

または

have/has +Past Participle ( III column of the table with irregular verbs)

Examples

Affirmative:

I have 仕事ed.

He has 仕事ed.

I have done.

He has done.

Negative

I haven’t 仕事ed.

He hasn’t 仕事ed.

I haven’t done.

He hasn’t done.

Interrogative

持つ I 仕事ed?

Has he 仕事ed?

持つ I done?

Has he done?

Present Perfect Continuous

Time expressions:

all day, morning

how long

since

for

the whole day

Usage

• • Actions started in the past and continuing in the present
  • Past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present
  • Emphasis: length of time of an action

Form

have/has +been + Infinitive + ing

Examples

Affirmative:

I have been 仕事ing.

He has been 仕事ing.

I have been するing.

He has been するing.

Negative

I haven’t been 仕事ing.

He hasn’t been working.

I haven’t been するing.

He hasn’t been するing.

Interrogative

持つ I been 仕事ing?

Has he been 仕事ing?

持つ I been するing?

Has he been するing?